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医护英语阅读：口服给药

时间：2015-08-13 20:19点击： 次
ADMINISTERING ORAL MEDICATIONS　 口服给药　
Assessment 　 评估　
1. Identify the drug（s） ordered: action, purpose, normal dosage and route, common side effects, time of onset and peak action, and nursing implications. 　 确认药物：作用、目的、正常剂量及给药途径、常见副作用、起效时间和药峰时间和护理　
2. Assess for any contraindications to oral medication.　 评估口服药物禁忌　
3. Check allergies and replace any missing or faded identification bracelets.　 核对过敏资料，补充遗失或替换模糊的识别腕带。　
4. Assess client's knowledge regarding medications.　 评估病人的药物知识。　
5. Assess client's preferences for fluids. Maintain fluid restrictions as prescribed.　 评估病人液体喜好。按处方维持液体限制。　
Implementation 　 实施　
1. Use Standard Protocol.　 使用标准仪式。　
Preparing medications　 准备药物　
2. Compare medication administration record with scheduled medication list. If discrepancies exist, check against original physician orders.　 对照用药记录与药物单。如有差错，应核对原始医嘱。　
Nurse Alert: Review five rights.　 注意：执行“五对”制度。　
3. Arrange cups in medication preparation area or move medication cart to position outside client's room.　 在药物准备区备好杯子，或将药车推到病人病房外。　
4. Unlock medicine drawer or cart.　 开锁，打开药柜或药车。　
5. Prepare medications for one client at a time.　 按病人依次准备药物。　
6. Select correct drug from stock supply or unit dose drawer. Compare label of medication with MAR or computer printout.　 从备用药或单位剂量抽屉中选择所需药物。　
7. Check drug dose. If label dose differs from ordered dose, calculate correct amount to give. 　 核对药物剂量。如标签剂量不同于医嘱剂量，应算出正确剂量。　
8. To prepare unit dose tablets or capsules, place packaged tablet or capsule directly into medicine cup without removing wrapper.　 准备单位剂量药片或胶囊时，直接将包装好的药片或胶囊放入药杯，无需除去包衣。　
9. To prepare tablets or capsules from a floor stock bottle, pour required number into bottle cap and transfer medication to medication cup. Do not touch medication with fingers; return extra tablets or capsules to bottle.　 从原料瓶准备药片或胶囊时，将所需药物倒入瓶盖，现转到药杯，勿使手指触碰药品物。将剩余药片或胶囊倒回药瓶。　
10. Check the expiration date of each drug. Return all outdated drugs to pharmacy.　 核对每种药物的有效期。将过期药品退还药房。　
11. Place all tablets or capsules requiring preadministration assessments （e.g., pulse rate, blood pressure） in a separate cup.　 将需要进行药前评估的药品（如脉率、血压）单独放在一个杯中。　
12. Medications that need to be broken in order to administer half the dose can be broken using a gloved hand or cut with a cutting device. 　 需切半服用的药物可用带手套手掰开或用锐器切开。　
13. When preparing liquids, thoroughly mix before administering. Check and discard medications that are cloudy or have changed color:　 液体药：用前需摇匀。检查并弃用混浊或变色药品。　
A. Place cap upside down while pouring.　 倾倒药液时将盖底朝上。　
B. Hold label against palm of hand while pouring.　 倒时就用手心贴住标签。　
C. Place medication cup at eye level and fill to desired level.　 持药杯与眼同高，倒药液至所需刻度处。　
D. Wipe lip of bottle with paper towel.　 用纸巾擦净瓶口。　
E. If client has difficulty swallowing, use a mortar and pestle to grind pills or a pill-crushing device. Mix ground tablet in small amount of soft food.　 如病人呑药有困难，可用药臼或碎药器研碎药片。用少量软食混合药末。　
14. If giving less than 5 ml of liquids, prepare medication in a sterile syringe without a needle.　 如所给药液少于5毫升，可用无针头注射器准备药液。　
Nurse Alert: EC or SR tablets may be available in liquid or suppository form. Crushing alters absorption rate.　 注意：肠衣片或缓释制剂分液剂和栓剂，研碎后可改变吸收率。　
15. Narcotic preparation. Check narcotic record for previous drug count and compare with supply available.　 麻醉药品。核对用药记录，检查以前用药数量及可用药品。　
16. Sign out narcotics according to agency policy.　 根据医院规定登记麻醉药品使用情况。　
Administering medications　 发药　
17. Take medications to client within 30 minutes before or after scheduled time.　 在预定给药时间30min内携药品至病人床前。　
18. Identify client.　 确认病人。　
19. Perform necessary preadministration assessment for specific medications. 　 实施特定药品的用前评估。　
20. Discuss the purpose of each medication and its action with client. Allow client to ask any questions about drugs.　 与病人讨论每种药品的用药目的及其作用。允许病人询问药品相关问题。　
21. Assist client to sitting or side-lying position.　 协助病人取坐位或侧卧位。　
Nurse Alert: Check ability to swallow if appropriate.　 注意：检查呑药能力。　
22. Administer drugs properly:　 正确给药：　
A. Client may wish to hold solid medications in hand or cup before placing in mouth.　 病人可能会在药品放入口前将固体药品放在手里或杯中。　
B. If client is unable to hold medications, place medication cup to the lips and gently introduce each drug into the mouth, one at a time. Do not rush.　 如病人无法持药，可将药杯放在病人唇边，轻轻将药片喂进嘴里，一次一片。不要仓促行事。　
C. Offer water or juice to help client swallow medications. Give cold carbonated water if available and not contraindicated.　 用水或液体帮助病人呑药。如无禁忌，也可用碳酸水送服。　
Nurse Alert: Decide on sequence of administration.　 注意：　
D. For sublingual-administered drugs, have client place medication under tongue and allow it to dissolve completely. Caution client against swallowing tablet.　 服舌下药时，应让病人将药放于舌头下待其完全溶化。提醒病人不能呑药。　
E. For buccal-administered drugs, have client place medication in mouth against mucous membranes of the cheek until it dissolves.　 颊部给药时，应让病人将放入口腔贴在面颊粘膜直至溶化。　
F. Mix powdered medications with liquids at bedside and give to client to drink.　 在床边用液体混合粉剂给病人服用。　
G. Caution client against chewing or swallowing lozenges.　 提醒病人不能咀嚼或呑咽锭剂。　
H. Give effervescent powders and tablets immediately after dissolving.　 泡腾粉剂和片剂应在溶解后立即服用。　
23. Stay until client has completely swallowed each medication. If concerned about ability or willingness to swallow, ask client to open mouth and inspect for presence of medication.　 确认病人服下全部药品后方可离开。如担心病人呑咽能力或不愿意呑咽药品，应要求病人张嘴检查口腔内是否存有药品。　
24. For certain medications that should not be given on an empty stomach, offer client nonfat snack.　 有些药物不能空腹服用，服用时应向病人提供非脂肪食物。　
25. Replenish stock such as cups and straws, return cart to medicine room, and clean work area.　 补充用口，如药杯和吸管。推车返回药房，清洁工作区。　
26. Use Completion Protocol.　 使用完成仪式。　
Evaluation 　 评价　
1. Return within appropriate time to determine client's response to medications.　 及时返回病房确定病人对药物的反应。　
2. Evaluate client's learning needs.　 评价病人学习需要。　
Identify Unexpected Outcomes and Nursing Interventions 　 确认意外结果和护理措施。　
Record and Report 　 记录和报告　
1. Actual time given and signature according to agency policy. 　 按医院规定登记实际给药时间及签名。　
2. Drugs withheld and reason.　 停用药物及理由。　
3. Adverse effects/client response.　 不利效应及病人反应。　

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